diagnosis of west nile virus infection is through detection of quizlet

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No symptoms in most people. The reasons for this are that HSV grows rapidly in the laboratory, making culture-based testing practical; in addition, whereas most resistance to acyclovir is related to changes in viral thymidine kinase, the genetic basis for the changes is diverse, complicating the application of genotypic methods [99]. Many laboratories report sensitivities of ∼80%, although some laboratories report sensitivities approaching 100% [11]. VZV is a more labile virus than HSV, and cultures are both less sensitive and slower, typically requiring 4–10 days for detection. None of these viruses can be grown in typical, hospital-based, diagnostic virology laboratories. Viruses for which definition of immune status by serology is useful include VZV, CMV, EBV, HSV, measles and rubella viruses, parvovirus B19, hepatitis A (total antibodies), and hepatitis B (antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen). It can also be used to detect measles, rubella, and mumps viruses, although those diseases are currently very unusual in the United States. A caveat in using this test is that for some patients with acute EBV infection, tests are false-positive for CMV-specific IgM antibodies [67], suggesting that testing for acute EBV infection should be performed simultaneously. WNV-specific IgM antibodies are usually detectable 3 to 8 days after onset of illness and persist for 30 to 90 days, but longer persistence has been documented. Besides conducting a physical exam, your doctor can confirm the presence of West Nile virus or a West Nile-related illness, such as meningitis or encephalitis, by performing one of the following tests: 1. Laboratory diagnosis is generally accomplished by testing of serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to detect WNV-specific IgM antibodies. OraSure HIV Clinical Trials Group, Increased sensitivity of HIV-1 antibody detection, Diagnosis of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by a DNA polymerase chain reaction assay among infants enrolled in the Women and Infants' Transmission Study, Early detection of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection using HIV RNA amplification and detection. The laboratory approach to a number of other viral infections is summarized in table 11. Assays for HIV RNA (see below) can also be used [84]. Test methods for different diagnostic needs related to CMV are shown in table 7. The reasons have been that traditional viral diagnostic techniques, especially culture, are slow, expensive, and often peripheral to clinical decision-making, particularly when no therapeutic agents are available. Early in the illness, the diagnosis is based on detection of rabies antigens or nucleic acids in saliva, CSF, or skin obtained by biopsy from the back of the neck. Of these, FA staining is the most widely used in diagnostic virology. Any virus can potentially be detected in this way, and applications of PCR analysis and other nucleic acid amplification techniques continue to be developed. An FDA-licensed EIA called Adenoclone (Meridian Diagnostics, Cincinnati) is available for detection of these viruses in stool specimens. A traveler returning to the United.States from India reported having a fever and severe joint pain. Laboratory diagnosis of hantavirus infection can be achieved by detection of hantavirus-specific IgM antibodies [96] or by detection of hantavirus RNA by means of RT-PCR analysis performed on peripheral blood leukocytes [97]. Zstatflu (ZymeTx, Oklahoma City, OK) is based on detection of influenza neuraminidase activity and also detects but does not distinguish between influenza A and B viruses. Rapid testing is recommended by the US Public Health Service for situations in which individuals in need of testing are at high risk of not returning for a separate visit to receive test results [80]. Several studies have shown that genotypic susceptibility testing improves the management of HIV [89, 90]. Availability of home-brew assays is largely limited to selected university laboratories whose personnel have the necessary skills and interest and to large commercial reference laboratories. The role of HPV testing of specimens from the female genital tract to detect high-risk HPV types that are associated with carcinoma of the cervix is not yet established, although it is likely that it will be used in the future in specific situations, such as for assessment of the cervical cancer risk of women with equivocal Papanicolaou smears [25]. A recent study reported a correlation between the presence of BK virus in plasma of kidney transplant recipients and clinically significant nephropathy [94]. Antibodies are immune system proteins that attack foreign substances, such as viruses. Several commercial assays are available for rapid detection of influenza virus. Commercial EIAs are widely available, since testing of donated blood is required. All are either difficult or impossible to culture, and hence all current laboratory testing involves detection of specific antigens, antibodies, or nucleic acids. For example, CMV is the main virus isolated from urine specimens, and therefore any viral culture of urine must at least involve inoculation onto human fibroblast cells to allow CMV isolation. None of these are cultured in clinical laboratories, and consequently, viral culture has no role in the laboratory evaluation of the patient with diarrhea. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study, Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis: application of polymerase chain reaction to cerebrospinal fluid from brain-biopsied patients and correlation with disease. State public health laboratories are currently implementing diagnostic testing for West Nile virus. Currently, the most common viral causes of acute meningitis are the enteroviruses and HSV type 2 (HSV-2). The results of this assay are usually expressed as the 50% inhibitory concentration, or the concentration of drug required to produce a 50% decrease in the number of plaques that appear in culture, in comparison with the number that appear in the absence of drug. For this reason, all first-time-positive HIV EIAs should be confirmed with an additional test, usually a western blot. Nucleic acid detection. The purpose of this article is to review the field of diagnostic virology at the beginning of the 21st century, to provide guidance about current use of the tools of diagnostic virology, and to provide a glimpse of important future developments. The diagnostic approach differs for each of these clinical syndromes. Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections of the skin and mucous membranes. An additional advantage is that in contrast to most antigen and nucleic acid detection methods, viral culture allows detection of multiple viruses, not all of which may have been suspected at the time the culture was ordered. Studies to evaluate the impact of phenotypic testing are under way. Many laboratories have developed their own “home-brew” PCR assays. But severe signs and sympto… Because large amounts of rotavirus are shed in the stool during acute rotavirus infection, antigen detection tests performed on stool specimens are very sensitive for establishing the presence of this virus. HIV DNA PCR testing is now widely used for this purpose and allows determination of HIV infection status within the first few months of life [83]. Most people (8 out of 10) infected with West Nile virus do not develop any symptoms. Gastrointestinal tract infection. CNS infection. Other common viral infections of the skin or mucous membranes are caused by HPVs and poxviruses (e.g., molluscum contagiosum and orf). For CMV, culture-based phenotypic susceptibility testing is impractical because of the slow and fastidious growth of the virus. Indeed, the need for cell culture techniques is the raison d'être for virology laboratories as entities separate from other general clinical microbiology laboratories. Codons that have been associated with drug resistance are analyzed [86]. The West Nile virus has an incubation period of three to fourteen days, although many people exhibit no symptoms. Symptoms. An “ultrasensitive” modification of the assay has a detection limit of 40 copies per mL of plasma. If serum is collected within … EBV is also associated with lymphoproliferative disease after solid organ or bone marrow transplantation. A number of rotavirus antigen assays have been licensed by the FDA and are widely available. The method was widely adopted by clinical laboratories during the 1980s, particularly for detection of respiratory viruses. Growth of viruses in cell culture is usually detected by visualizing morphological changes in the cells, known as cytopathic effect (CPE). In these systems, genes are transfected into indicator cell lines to direct insertion of viral receptors on the surface of the cell and/or to direct expression of promoters that respond to a specific viral protein present in the specimen. Currently, these assays are not commercially available, and diagnostic specimens must be referred to research laboratories interested in this virus. In most circumstances, the laboratory diagnosis of HIV is based on a positive EIA performed on serum or plasma. A recent study of diagnostic testing for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) documented that physicians usually believed that rapid test results influenced their management of cases [2].

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