Phase transformation is an effective method to manipulate the microstructure of materials. Phase transition is the transition between solid, liquid, and gaseous states of matter, as well as plasma in rare cases. Nevertheless, the microscopic mechanism of RS in these TMOs is still unclear. Chapter 10 - 2 Phase transformation • Takes time (transformation rates: kinetics). In addition to pollution through human activities, millions of tons of petroleum enter the marine environment every year from natural seepages. The understanding thereby gained constitutes a significant advance in efforts towards the design of new knowledge-based strategies for the mitigation of ecological damage caused by oil pollution of marine habitats. Biotransformation is the chemical modification (or modifications) made by an organism on a chemical compound.
Phase diagrams are used for quantitative description of the phase transformation and changes. Functional genomic and metagenomic approaches are increasing our understanding of the relative importance of different pathways and regulatory networks to carbon flux in particular environments and for particular compounds and they are accelerating the development of bioremediation technologies and biotransformation processes.
Some microorganisms possess an astonishing catabolic versatility to degrade or transform such compounds. In many cases, these catalysts need to be exploited in whole cell bioconversions or in fermentations, calling for system-wide approaches to understanding strain physiology and metabolism and rational approaches to the engineering of whole cells as they are increasingly put forward in the area of systems biotechnology and synthetic biology. Marine environments are especially vulnerable, since oil spills of coastal regions and the open sea are poorly containable and mitigation is difficult.
Also there is other approach of biotransformation called enzymatic biotransformation. Despite its toxicity, a considerable fraction of petroleum oil entering marine systems is eliminated by the hydrocarbon-degrading activities of microbial communities, in particular by a remarkable recently discovered group of specialists, the so-called hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB). It is also needed to render non-polar compounds polar so that they are not reabsorbed in renal tubules and are excreted. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Phase diagram of an alloy system is a graphical presentation of the relationships between the phases compositions and their relative amounts at any given temperature and … [6], Metabolic engineering and biocatalytic applications, "Significance of Xenobiotic Metabolism for Bioaccumulation Kinetics of Organic Chemicals in Gammarus pulex", "Genomic Insights into Oil Biodegradation in Marine Systems", "Genomics in Metabolic Engineering and Biocatalytic Applications of the Pollutant Degradation Machinery", Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotransformation, Biotransformation and Bioaccumulation in freshwater invertebrates, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotransformation&oldid=979000673, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, In these types of reactions, a polar group is either introduced or unmasked, so the. A eutectoid transformation involves a change from a single phase to two other phases when the initial phase is cooled form an elevated temperature. Phase transformation studied on an engineering diffractometer typically requires a special sample environment that is difficult or impossible to implement on conventional powder diffractometers which usually come with a confined space area. A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties.
Reactions are non-synthetic in nature and in general produce a more water-soluble and less active metabolites. It is also needed to render non-polar compounds polar so, that they are not reabsorbed in renal tubules and are excreted. Petroleum oil is toxic for most life forms and episodic and chronic pollution of the environment by oil causes major ecological perturbations. HCB also have potential biotechnological applications in the areas of bioplastics and biocatalysis. Major methodological breakthroughs in recent years have enabled detailed genomic, metagenomic, proteomic, bioinformatic and other high-throughput analyses of environmentally relevant microorganisms providing unprecedented insights into biotransformation and biodegradative pathways and the ability of organisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions. The most common alloy in which this transformation is encountered is steel. Phase transformation behavior of many materials depends strongly on the chemical composition. Biotransformation of xenobiotics can dominate toxicokinetics and the metabolites may reach higher concentrations in organisms than their parent compounds. The final compounds have a larger molecular weight. The metabolism of a drug or toxin in a body is an example of a biotransformation. This analysis has yielded important new insights into its capacity for (i) n-alkane degradation including metabolism, biosurfactant production and biofilm formation, (ii) scavenging of nutrients and cofactors in the oligotrophic marine environment, as well as (iii) coping with various habitat-specific stresses. Last modified: 2017/06/26 by dmitri_kopeliovich, Complete solid and liquid solution diagram, Eutectic diagram with partial solubility of the components in solid state, Eutectic diagram with intermetallic compound, http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~wfgale/intro_metals/toc.htm, http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/selvaduray/page/phase/binary_p_d.pdf, http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse209/chapter9.htm, Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. For e… There are many different processes that can occur; the pathways of drug metabolism can be divided into: Drugs can undergo one of four potential biotransformations: Active Drug to Inactive Metabolite, Active Drug to Active Metabolite, Inactive Drug to Active Metabolite, Active Drug to Toxic Metabolite (biotoxification).
This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. This page was last edited on 18 September 2020, at 05:06. Alcanivorax borkumensis, a paradigm of HCB and probably the most important global oil degrader, was the first to be subjected to a functional genomic analysis. Novel catalysts can be obtained from metagenomic libraries and DNA sequence based approaches. New methodological breakthroughs in sequencing, genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics and imaging are producing vast amounts of information. It will be rather easy to understand the phase change between distinctive phases such as solid liquid and gas. Our increasing capabilities in adapting the catalysts to specific reactions and process requirements by rational and random mutagenesis broadens the scope for application in the fine chemical industry, but also in the field of biodegradation. oil), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pharmaceutical substances, radionuclides and metals.
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