unsolved questions in physics

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Perhaps current theories simply aren't adequate to explain them. Are carrots orange because of a Dutch revolutionary? We see this in the ultra-high-energy cosmic rays mentioned earlier. Over the eons fusion reactions inside stars transformed hydrogen and helium into other atomic nuclei, including carbon, the basis for all life on Earth.

It can seem like an uphill challenge to try to understand the universe around us. As far as anyone knows, there’s no way to do that reverse calculation to figure out what the black hole actually gobbled up. They have extraordinary energies relative to their size, but they still don’t travel this fast. In fact, the slope of a vertical line is just undefined. If you know how a system ends, you can calculate how it began. According to our current understanding of particle physics, matter and antimatter are equal but opposite. We know matter is made up atoms, and atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Shull, J. Michael, Britton D. Smith, and Charles W. Danforth. The issue, known as the measurement problem, may seem esoteric, but our understanding of what reality is, or if it exists at all, hinges upon the answer. Some physicists thought that there might be a “singularity”—a point of infinite density with some mass concentrated down into an infinitely small space. McNees said there has been a lot of work on the subject, notably by Stephen Hawking and Stephen Perry, who suggested in 2015 that, rather than being stored within the deep clutches of a black hole, the information remains on its boundary, called the event horizon. Time only goes in one direction... but why is it impossible for us to reverse the clocks? In some ways, we still don’t know why anything exists at all. It details 11 profound questions, some of which may be answered within a decade.

You can find it on iTunes, and follow the podcast on Twitter. Turner and many other cosmologists now believe the lumps of the universe — vast stretches of void punctuated by galaxies and galactic clusters — are probably vastly magnified versions of quantum fluctuations of the original, subatomic-size universe. At the center of black holes lies a point that is infinitely teensy and dense (packed with a finite amount of matter) — a point called a singularity. It is about 0.007297.

But nobody has woven together the tiny world of quantum mechanics and the big world we see when we look through a telescope. This strange collision of information means that the holy grail of particle physics—understanding the unification of all four forces of nature (electromagnetism, weak force, strong force, and gravity) — will be achieved in part by astronomers. The fate of the universe strongly depends on a factor of unknown value: Ω, a measure of the density of matter and energy throughout the cosmos.

And if physicists prove protons can decay, the finding will verify the existence of new forces.
In spite of this, scientists think that dark energy makes up around 70% of the universe.

We forecast the weather this way. They create interference patterns that are typical of waves. So far, no particle accelerator has reached energies high enough to unify the strong force with electromagnetism and the weak interaction. Even our hottest-temperature superconductors need to be at -140 degrees Celsius (-220 °F) before they start exhibiting this wonderful property.

McNees said all of the other forces can be quantized, meaning they could be expressed as individual particles and have noncontinuous values. © The possibility that a unification of forces occurred in the newborn universe is a prime reason particle physicists are taking such a keen interest in astronomy and why astronomers are turning to particle physics for clues about how these forces may have played a role in the birth of the universe.

For a start, planets are far more common than people originally thought, with most stars having a planetary system.

There's a third component out there, and it's not matter but some form of dark energy. Fortunately, the primordial universe left behind a few clues. Therefore, astronomers assume that heavier atoms are minted in supernova explosions, where there is a ready supply of neutrons, although the specifics of how this happens are unknown. We can also make antimatter in particle accelerators for trillions of dollars a gram.

But how and why does measuring a particle make its wavefunction collapse, producing the concrete reality that we perceive to exist? If they exist, they will allow quarks to change into other particles, causing the protons that lie at the heart of every atom to decay. The final atomic force, electromagnetism, binds electrically charged particles such as protons and electrons together. Physicists are hoping to be able to “zoom out” and see that quantum mechanics and general relativity are both part of a greater theory, like patches in a quilt. We little humans struggle to envision a world with four spatial dimensions. If you are a Zinio, Nook, Kindle, Apple, or Google Play subscriber, you can enter your website access code to gain subscriber access. Quantum information is a bit different from the information we store as 1s and 0s on a computer, or the stuff in our brains.

The Standard Model is one of the most successful physical theories ever devised. The Quantum Internet Will Blow Your Mind. One recent study suggests dark mater might form long, fine-grained streams throughout the universe, and that such streams might radiate out from Earth like hairs.========== ===========, Time moves forward because a property of the universe called “entropy,” roughly defined as the level of disorder, only increases, and so there is no way to reverse a rise in entropy after it has occurred.

Physicists would love to figure out why those particular numbers have the values they do, because if they were very different, the universe’s physical laws wouldn’t allow for humans to be here.

After all, there are million dollar prizes waiting for the people who solve some cosmic puzzles. Today, no physicist would dare assert that our physical knowledge of the universe is near completion. Our atmosphere is constantly being hit by particles from outer space with high energies. So, for example, the positively charged proton should look the same as a negatively charged antiproton. "We don't know why that is.".

We can describe them as regions of space-time with such strong gravitational fields that even light cannot escape. “Dark energy” is the solution.

Even so, it’s incredible to think that we may know very little about 95 percent of the universe.

You can think of it as a repulsive gravity that pushes matter apart.

The fact that it seems impossible, at least at the moment, to understand what is at the heart of black holes has made sci-fi authors speculate for decades about whether they could contain different universes or be used for teleportation or time travel.

Those calculations show that the total amount of ordinary matter, composed of familiar protons and neutrons, is much less than the total mass of the universe. This has never been observed, so either protons last much longer than anyone thought or they really are stable forever. Stay up to date on the coronavirus outbreak by signing up to our newsletter today. According to the current theories, if you were to drop a cube of iron into a black hole, there would be no way to retrieve any of that information.

That energy should produce a kind of negative pressure, or repulsion, thereby explaining why the universe's expansion is accelerating.

Based on the observed rate of expansion, scientists know that the sum of all the dark energy must make up more than 70 percent of the total contents of the universe.

Jesse Emspak - Live Science Contributor More recent careful observation, however, shows that the cosmic background radiation is not perfectly uniform. If that’s true, our universe might not be stable, because a false vacuum can be knocked into a lower energy state by a sufficiently violent and high-energy event.

Read the full National Research Council report on the 11 biggest questions. [How to Teleoport Info Out of a Black Hole].

In the most widely accepted model of dark energy, it is a “cosmological constant”: an inherent property of space itself, which has “negative pressure” driving space apart. But no one has managed it yet. Black holes have event horizons — spherical regions from which nothing, not even light, can escape. “We don’t know why that is.”========== ===========. In the strange realm of electrons, photons and the other fundamental particles, quantum mechanics is law.

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