[9] The modeling team was led by Kubrick's two hirees from NASA, science advisor Fred Ordway and production designer Harry Lange,[31] along with Anthony Masters who was responsible for turning Lange's 2-D sketches into models. A highly technical discussion of the unacceptably long delay of video signals even in broadband communication is at. Kubrick agreed with computer theorists who believed that highly intelligent computers that can learn by experience will inevitably develop emotions such as fear, love, hate, and envy. A heuristic approach that usually works within a tolerable margin of error may be preferred over a perfect algorithm that requires a long time to run. Aerospace specialists were also consulted on the design of the spacesuits and space helmets. In an interview on the 2007 DVD release of the film, Clarke states that had he been on the set the day they filmed this, he would have caught this error.
The film depicts a still-existing Pan Am (which went out of business in 1991) and a still-existing Bell System telephone company (which was broken up in 1984 as a result of an anti-monopoly lawsuit filed by the U.S. Justice Department).
5". see the book Hal's legacy: 2001's computer as dream and reality edited by David G. Stork, MIT press, 1997. [12] The side of the Discovery spacecraft unlit by the sun, for example, would appear virtually pitch-black in space. [19], The first two appearances of the monolith, one on Earth and one on the Moon, conclude with the sun at its zenith over the top of the monolith. 2001 ‘s special effects team was supervised by Kubrick himself, and included Con Pederson, Wally Veevers, and Douglas Trumbull, who went on to create effects for other science fiction movies such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind and Blade Runner. [17], When spacecraft land on the Moon in the film, dust is shown billowing as it would in air, not moving in a sheet as it would in the vacuum of the Lunar surface, as can be seen in Apollo Moon landing footage. Today such cockpits appear not only in high-tech aircraft like the Boeing 777, but have also been employed in space shuttles, the first being Atlantis in 1985. [48], Williams, Craig H., Leonard A. Dudzinski, Stanley K. Borowski, and Albert J. Juhasz. [5] The Visual Effects in 2001 – A Space Odyssey by Leonardo Costa Stanley Kubrick’s visual masterpiece deserved the Oscar® for Best Special Visual Effects in 1968. Still others changed their business model or represent countries that no longer exist. Modern special effects – certainly in my experience – really date from 1968 – the year that Stanley Kubrick’s 2001 A Space Odyssey was released.
Tracking shots inside the rotating wheel providing artificial gravity contrast with the weightlessness outside the wheel during the repair and Hal disconnection scenes. Some technologies portrayed as common in the film which had not materialized in the 2000s include commonplace civilian space travel, space stations with hotels, Moon colonization, suspended animation of humans, practical nuclear propulsion in spacecraft and strong artificial intelligence of the kind displayed by Hal. Finally, the edge of Earth appears sharp in the movie, when in reality it is slightly diffuse due to the scattering of the sunlight by the atmosphere, as is seen in many photos of Earth taken from space since the film's release. In the vacuum of outer space, stars do not twinkle,[11] and light does not become diffuse and scattered as it does in air. "[9] Kubrick's team of thirty-five designers[33] was often frustrated by script changes done after designs for various spacecraft had been created. Other aspects that contribute to the film's realism are the depiction of the time delay in conversations between the astronauts and Earth due to the extreme distance between the two (which the BBC announcer explains have been edited out of the broadcast), the attention to small details such as the sound of breathing inside the spacesuits, the conflicting spatial orientation of astronauts inside a zero-gravity spaceship, and the enormous size of Jupiter in relation to the spaceship. Essentials of metaheuristics, Popular Mechanics April 1967, Backstage Magic for a Trip to Saturn, by Richard D. Dempewolff, Number given in an essay in Schwam's 2000 book, the two space shuttles, Moon bus, main spaceship, and space pod. Over fifty organizations contributed technical advice to the production, and a number of them submitted their ideas to Kubrick of what kind of products might be seen in a movie set in the year 2001. The latter is due to the position readout actually being a rear-projected film shown in a continuous loop, and being out of sync with other visual elements. Making Computers Talk – by Andy Aaron, Ellen Eide and John F. Pitrelli. You do not spin on a wheel that is not fully built. [36] A credible prototype of a chess-playing computer already existed in 1968, even though it could be defeated by experts; computers did not defeat champions until the late 1980s. Scientific American Explore (March 17, 2003). [10], A great deal of effort was made to get the look of the lunar landscape right, based on detailed lunar photographs taken from observatory telescopes. The Jupiter-bound Discovery is meant to be powered by a nuclear reactor at its rear, separated from the crew area at the front by hundreds of feet of fuel storage compartments. The corporations IBM, Aeroflot, Howard Johnson's, Whirlpool Corporation and Hilton Hotels, visual references of which appear in the film, have survived beyond 2001, although by 2001 Howard Johnson's had switched its business focus to hotels, rather than the restaurants shown in the film.
"[3] Onboard equipment and panels on various spacecraft have specific purposes such as alarm, communications, condition display, docking, diagnostic, and navigation, the designs of which relied heavily on NASA's input. [47] The Bell System logo seen in the film was modified in 1969 and dropped entirely in 1983. [9] Such hibernation would likely be necessary to conserve resources on a flight of this kind, as Clarke's novelization implies.
". [39] The film also shows flat-screen TV monitors, of which the first real-world prototype appeared in 1972 produced by Westinghouse, but was not used for broadcast television until 1998. Although difficult to be recognized as such, actual nuclear reactor control panel displays appear in the astronaut's control area. However, Clarke felt this was enough to prevent the physical atrophy that would result from complete weightlessness. [29], During Apple and Samsung's patent war over consumer electronics design, in 2011 Samsung used a still image from the scene in which two astronauts are eating at a table with what appear to be tablet computers as an exhibit to counter Apple's patent claiming the original abstract design of tablet computers.[30]. [26] The meaning of HAL has been given both as "Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer" and as "Heuristic ALgorithmic computer". Artificial gravity by Gilles Clément, Angeli P. Bukley p. 64, Luke, S. (2009). The results can be false such as in predictions of stock market, sports scores, or the weather. 2001's portrayal of weightlessness in spaceships and outer space is also more realistic. Dr. Marvin Minsky, of MIT, was the main artificial intelligence adviser for the film.[6][7]. How Accurate was Kubrick's 2001:A Space Odyssey? [9], One futuristic device shown in the film already under development when the film was released in 1968 was voice-print identification; the first prototype was released in 1976. (Scenes of the astronauts in the Discovery pod bay, along with earlier scenes involving shuttle flight attendants, depict walking in zero-gravity with the help of velcro-equipped shoes labeled "Grip Shoes"). Kubrick himself was aware of this latter point. To handle all of this....a "control room"...was used to keep track of all progress on the film. You have to finish it before you spin it or else you have real problems".[22]. [37] While 10-digit phone numbers for long-distance national dialing originated in 1951, longer phone numbers for international dialing became a reality in 1970.
In computer science, a heuristic is a programmable procedure not necessarily based on fixed rules, producing informed guesses often using trial-and-error. Although the astronauts are wearing zero-G 'grip shoes' in order to walk normally, they are oddly leaning on the table while testing the AE-35 unit as if held down by gravity.
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