[20][21][22][18][19] The 2010s were marked by further unrest erupting within the Kashmir Valley.
The military was called out and a 72-hour curfew imposed. Code named 'Operation Gibraltar', companies were dispatched into Indian-administered Kashmir, the majority of whose members were razakars (volunteers) and mujahideen recruited from Pakistan-administered Kashmir and trained by the Army. Soldiers reportedly told her 17-year-old daughter to remove her clothes so that they could check whether she was hiding a gun. The EU would like to congratulate India and its democratic system for conduct of fair elections, unmarred by violence, in the state of Jammu and Kashmir". [525], There has been criticism and opposition to this move in Pakistan, India, and Pakistan-administered Kashmir. [388][389] Similar allegations were also made by some human rights organisations.
[228] The authorities deny such accusations. Pakistan protested to the Security Council which informed India that this development conflicted with the parties' commitments.
Kashmiris assert that except for 1977 and 1983 elections, no state election has been fair. According to Bose, the Kashmiri Muslims had higher expectations from India which turned out to be a "moderately successful" democracy and it was in this context that Kashmiri Muslim rage spilled over after the rigging of the elections in 1987. Médecins Sans Frontières conducted a research survey in 2005 that found 11.6% of the interviewees who took part had been victims of sexual abuse since 1989.
In addition to agriculture, textiles, and arts and crafts, remittances have played a major role in the economy of Azad Kashmir. The two sides agreed to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir. Gilkar travelled to Srinagar and was arrested by Maharaja's government. [450] State Human Rights Commission (SHRC) has found 2,730 bodies buried into unmarked graves, scattered in three districts — Bandipora, Baramulla, and Kupwara — of North Kashmir, believed to contain the remains of victims of unlawful killings and enforced disappearances by Indian security forces. In 2005, General Musharraf, as well as other Pakistani leaders, sought to resolve the Kashmir issue through the Chenab Formula road map. The assistance given by Pakistan to the rebel forces and the Pakhtoon tribes was held to be a hostile act and the further involvement of the Pakistan army was taken to be an invasion of Indian territory. On a visit to Pakistan in 2006, former Chief Minister of Kashmir Omar Abdullah remarked that foreign militants were engaged in reckless killings and mayhem in the name of religion.
Rebel forces from the western districts of the State and the Pakistani Pakhtoon tribesmen[note 3][note 4] made rapid advances into the Baramulla sector. [23] On 4 October an Azad Kashmir provisional government was declared in Lahore with Ghulam Nabi Gilkar as president under the assumed name "Mr. Anwar" and Sardar Ibrahim as the prime minister. [519] Gilgit-Baltistan thus gains province-like status without actually being conferred such status constitutionally. The referendum was never held, leaving the entire region, including Gilgit-Baltistan, in the lurch. [164][165] In October 1951, Jammu & Kashmir National Conference under the leadership of Sheikh Abdullah formed the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir to formulate the Constitution of the state. In this reduction of civilian reality, the sights of Kashmir are redefined: not the lakes and Mogul gardens, or the storied triumphs of Kashmiri agriculture, handicrafts and cookery, but two entities that confront each other without intermediary: the mosque and the army camp. [386][387], From 1990 to 1999, some organisations reported that the Indian Armed Forces, its paramilitary groups, and counter-insurgent militias were responsible for the deaths of 4,501 Kashmiri civilians. The region is administratively partitioned along a de facto cease-fire line known as the line of … He was dismissed and imprisoned in August 1953.
He remained as Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir until his death in 1982.
[436], Reportedly, about Rs. “After India violated the United Nations resolution on Kashmir dispute, it is high time for Pakistan to decide the constitutional status of GB,” said Hussain. However, while Abdullah was still in Pakistan, news came of the sudden death of Nehru on 27 May 1964. [512] A report titled "Kashmir: Present Situation and Future Prospects", submitted to the European Parliament by Emma Nicholson, was critical of the lack of human rights, justice, democracy, and Kashmiri representation in the Pakistan National Assembly.
In the 1960s, with the construction of the Mangla Dam in Mirpur District, the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Government began to receive royalties from the Pakistani government for the electricity that the dam provided to Pakistan. The territory has a parliamentary form of government modelled after the British Westminster system, with its capital located at Muzaffarabad. He stated: I remember that there was a massive rigging in 1987 elections. "Plebiscite in Kashmir: Stillborn or Killed?- Part 1", "UN Resolutions on Kashmir – I: How relevant are they? [33] Indian troops were immediately airlifted into Srinagar.
The Indian army said its troops "befittingly” responded to Pakistani firing and shelling along the Line of Control on Saturday in southern Rajouri district. Our people were killed. [241], On 21 January 1990, two days after Jagmohan took over as governor of Jammu and Kashmir, the Gawkadal massacre took place in Srinagar when the Indian paramilitary troops of the Central Reserve Police Force opened fire on a group of Kashmiri protesters in what has been described by some authors as "the worst massacre in Kashmiri history" (along with the Bijbehara Massacre in 1993).
The produce included various crops, fruits, vegetables, etc.
Elections held by India are seen as a diversion from the main issue of self-determination. Both Abdullah and Abbas were imprisoned.
[116][120][121], Indian writer Nirad C. Chaudhuri has observed that Pakistan's acceptance of Western support ensured its survival.
Karan Singh, the son of the erstwhile Maharajah Hari Singh was made the Sadr-i-Riyasat (Constitutional Head of State) and the Governor of the state. Liaquat Ali Khan appointed a committee headed by Mian Iftikharuddin to draft a "declaration of freedom".
[330][331][332][333] More than 600 have pellet injuries who may lose their eyesight. [16] It is believed to have been a response to the National Conference's Naya Kashmir (New Kashmir) programme.
In spite of calls by separatists for a boycott, an unusually high turnout of more than 60% was recorded. [450][452] Some of the massacres by security forces include Gawakadal massacre, Zakoora and Tengpora massacre and Handwara massacre. Hundreds of people continued to live in tents long after the earthquake. On October 24, the Maharaja requested military assistance from India, which responded that it was unable to help him unless he acceded to India. Tens of thousands of people fled their homes on both sides after the violence erupted on 5 October. [75], Agriculture is a major part of Azad Kashmir's economy. [231] The Indian government has said militancy is now on the decline.[when? [510] The country is also accused of systemic suppression of free speech and demonstrations against the government. In 1965, it decided that the conditions were ripe for a successful guerilla war in Kashmir. [379], In 2008, the death toll from the last 20 years was estimated by Indian authorities to be over 47,000.
Alexander Evans, "Why Peace Won't Come to Kashmir".
Hari Singh, the maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, wanted his state to remain independent.
Article 370 was drafted in the Indian constitution granting special autonomous status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir, as per Instrument of Accession. [378], Former Pakistani President General Pervez Musharraf on 16 October 2014 said that Pakistan needs to incite those fighting in Kashmir,[402][403] "We have source (in Kashmir) besides the (Pakistan) army…People in Kashmir are fighting against (India). [515], In December 1993, the blasphemy laws of Pakistan were extended to Pakistan Administered Kashmir. Malik developed differences with one of the senior leaders, Farooq Siddiqui (alias Farooq Papa), for shunning demands for an independent Kashmir and trying to cut a deal with the Indian Prime Minister.
As regards growing threat of Islamophopbia, PM Imran Khan quite rightly , appreciably and pointedly stated that the coronavirus pandemic was an opportunity to bring humanity together, but unfortunately instead it has fanned nationalism, increased global tensions and given rise to racial and religious hatred and violence against vulnerable minorities in several places, and these trends have also accentuated “Islamophobia”, and Muslims continue to be targeted with impunity in many countries. Shah called in the army to curb the violence on the Hindus, but it had little effect. [212][213][214][215] In the absence of rigging, commentators believe that the MUF could have won fifteen to twenty seats, a contention admitted by the National Conference leader Farooq Abdullah.
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