Amy P. Goldman calls the San Marzano "the most important industrial tomato of the 20th century"; its commercial introduction in 1926 provided canneries with a "sturdy, flawless subject, and breeders with genes they'd be raiding for decades. [29]:28, Early tomato breeders included Henry Tilden in Iowa and a Dr. Hand in Baltimore. In 1870, Livingston introduced the Paragon, and tomato culture soon became a great enterprise in the county. It grew easily in Mediterranean climates, and cultivation began in the 1540s. [21][22] A prerelease version of the genome was made available in December 2009. The hormone was first identified in tomatoes, but similar proteins have been identified in other species since.[59]. Smaller sized fruit (cherry and grape), or cluster tomatoes (fruit-on-the-vine) are the fruit of choice for the large commercial greenhouse operators while the beefsteak varieties are the choice of owner-operator growers.[72]. [81] Tomatoes stored cold tend to lose their flavor permanently. The flesh is much thicker with fewer seeds, and the taste is stronger, sweeter and less acidic.[1]. [citation needed], Tomato plants are dicots, and grow as a series of branching stems, with a terminal bud at the tip that does the actual growing. [94] In a scientific review of potential claims for lycopene favorably affecting DNA, skin exposed to ultraviolet radiation, heart function and vision, the European Food Safety Authority concluded that the evidence for lycopene having any of these effects was inconclusive. Additionally, both toxic and inedible varieties discouraged many people from attempting to consume or prepare any other varieties. When the soup has reached a creamy consistency, remove the pan from the heat. [84], Tomatoes that are not yet ripe can be kept in a paper bag till ripening.[85]. [27] The leaves and immature fruit contains tomatine, which in large quantities would be toxic. [5], Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Regulations for obtaining the use of the collective trade mark "Verace Pizza Napoletana" Production Rules ('Il Disciplinare')", "History of Research at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Research Service", How to grow San Marzano tomatoes in your garden, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Marzano_tomato&oldid=967784858, Italian products with protected designation of origin, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from September 2012, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 July 2020, at 08:40. Arrange the bread slices between two oven racks and bake at 150º C for 6 minutes or until golden brown on both sides. The u genetic mutation encodes a factor that produces defective chloroplasts with lower density in developing fruit, resulting in a lighter green colour of unripe fruit, and repression of sugars accumulation in the resulting ripe fruit by 10–15%. Meiosis is central to the processes by which diploid microspore mother cells within the anther give rise to haploid pollen grains, and megaspore mother cells in ovules that are contained within the ovary give rise to haploid nuclei. "[32], Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés may have been the first to transfer the small yellow tomato to Europe after he captured the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, now Mexico City, in 1521, although Christopher Columbus may have taken them back as early as 1493. There are hundreds of varieties; here’s a small tasting.Roma: A plum tomato from – you guessed it – Roma, this variety is recognizable by its elongated pear shape and loved for its sweet flavor. [citation needed], Their flowers, appearing on the apical meristem, have the anthers fused along the edges, forming a column surrounding the pistil's style. The tomato was introduced to China, likely via the Philippines or Macau, in the 1500s. For example, the Florentine aristocrat Giovanvettorio Soderini wrote how they "were to be sought only for their beauty", and were grown only in gardens or flower beds. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center at UC Davis is a gene bank of wild relatives, monogenic mutants and miscellaneous genetic stocks of tomato. Some common tomato pests are stink bugs, cutworms, tomato hornworms and tobacco hornworms, aphids, cabbage loopers, whiteflies, tomato fruitworms, flea beetles, red spider mite, slugs,[56] and Colorado potato beetles. However, this tactic has limitations, for the incorporation of certain traits, such as pathogen resistance, can negatively impact other favorable phenotypes (fruit production, etc.). By the mid-18th century, they were cultivated on some Carolina plantations, and probably in other parts of the Southeast as well. The result is an organic product that delivers a flavor and a texture that is unobtainable with industrialized processing and canning methods. In California, tomatoes are grown under irrigation for both the fresh fruit market and for canning and processing. [79], A massive "tomato tree" growing inside the Walt Disney World Resort's experimental greenhouses in Lake Buena Vista, Florida may have been the largest single tomato plant in the world. the Roma tomato. [61], Borage is thought to repel the tomato hornworm moth. Pollination and fruit formation depend on meiosis. Handling cigarettes and other infected tobacco products can transmit the virus to tomato plants. [29]:13 The Pueblo people are thought to have believed that those who witnessed the ingestion of tomato seeds were blessed with powers of divination. On the other hand, hybrids of tomato and diploid potato can be created in the lab by somatic fusion, and are partially fertile,[19] providing evidence of the close relationship between these species. ', CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak, "Umami: why the fifth taste is so important", "Are there different types of tomato leaves? [82], Storing stem down can prolong shelf life,[83] as it may keep from rotting too quickly. Tomatoes were not grown in England until the 1590s.
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