4.
Astronomy is generally thought to be the oldest science as its study formed a method of navigation and scientific inquiry into seasons and cosmic occurrences.
If we knew that some object superficially resembling an adding machine had been developed for a different purpose, but that, as a byproduct of it serving that purpose, it turned out to be possible to enter a group of numbers into the machine and get another number back as an output, why would we ever trust that the output number represented the actual sum of the numbers we entered?
It was then that the science of metallurgy permitted the tailoring of alloy steels to industrial specifications, that the science of chemistry permitted the creation of new substances, like the aniline dyes, of fundamental industrial importance, and that electricity and magnetism were harnessed in the electric dynamo and motor.
Kant challenged the Newtonian confidence that the scientist can deal directly with subsensible entities such as atoms, the corpuscles of light, or electricity.
In brief, it involved a new political approach aimed somewhat single-mindedly at security and prosperity, and a reformulation of human life on the basis of a new philosophic/scientific method aimed at increasing man’s power over nature. Harold Furchtgott-Roth & Kirk R. Arner.
Thus science (despite what the new atheists assume) would have to allow that beliefs which evolve under evolutionary pressures can nevertheless be true.
However, the real causes of the phenomena we see are not visible to us unless we approach the problem methodically. . Most importantly, as industry required ever more complicated and intricate machinery, the machine tool industry developed to provide it and, in the process, made possible the construction of ever more delicate and refined instruments for science.
. But “we” make mistakes all the time.
Progress in neuroscience has been equally rapid. That must be left to religion or philosophy, although Bacon himself admonishes that only an “unskilled and shallow philosopher [would] seek causes of that which is most general” (TNO).
However, there is a deeper problem lurking here.
The technologies underlying the society of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World__—the “fine-tuning” of __in vitro fertilization so as to produce castes of human beings with predictably different mental and physical abilities, as well as the existence of a drug that produced temporary euphoria with no “hangover” or other negative consequences—remained safely in the realm of science fiction. The Great Tours: England, Scotland, and Wales, the difference between classical and modern physics, great inventions that have transformed our daily lives, friction, the hidden force that obscures the simplicity of Newton’s laws, how optical technology drove the Scientific Revolution, Isaac Newton’s Influence on Modern Science. Indeed, the situation is even worse than that.
Bacon had already predicted that the science he was proposing would be comprehensible only to a scientific elite: “It cannot be brought down to common apprehension save by effects and works only” (TNO).
This is called the scientific method, and it should reveal some answers to questions and produce more questions as well. We need an “Archimedean” point (the justification for using that phrase will become clear below) from which to begin our construction of the scientific edifice. The founding of scores more technical schools in the 19th and 20th centuries encouraged the widespread diffusion of scientific knowledge and provided further opportunity for scientific advance. The pace of … This began to change in the late 19th and 20th centuries, when movements such as eugenics proposed to “improve” human beings as a species, using supposed scientific knowledge to identify those who should be encouraged to reproduce, and those who should be discouraged or even prevented.
The exploration of the nature of elemental forces benefitted as well from the rapid development of mathematics. For example, liberal democracies hold that the opportunity freely to express one’s opinions and espouse one’s religious beliefs is something most men want and is, in fact, good for them. Feynman asks: “What is it about nature that lets this happen, that it is possible to guess from one part what the rest is going to do? Aside from the “new atheists,” many thoughtful scientists have looked to the very orderliness of nature—the fact that it obeys laws that can be expressed compactly and elegantly in mathematical formulae—for evidence that science has reached a level of fundamental truth. This is a transcript from the video series Great Scientific Ideas That Changed the World.
This fundamental discovery was explored and exploited by Michael Faraday, who spent his whole scientific life converting one force into another.
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Sparsely scattered in that emptiness are numerous electric charges rushing about with great speed; but their combined bulk amounts to less than a billionth of the bulk of the table itself.”. Using a new genetic engineering technique (CRISPR-Cas9), “researchers have already reversed mutations that cause blindness, stopped cancer cells from multiplying, and made cells impervious to the virus that causes AIDS.” At the same time, it has become clear that almost all relevant human characteristics, as well as susceptibility to most diseases, depends on the complex interaction of many different genes and environmental factors; in other words, we are a long way from knowing which genes should be altered, and how, in order to produce “designer” babies with increased intelligence, athletic or artistic virtuosity, or whatever characteristics their rich parents may desire.
According to Eddington, this divorce between the humanly perceived world and the world according to science was a new development, due to scientific progress in delving into the composition of the atom: Until recently there was a much closer linkage; the physicist used to borrow the raw material of his world from the familiar world, but he does so no longer. His idea of a moving earth was important to the mindset of modern science—1543, a 16th-century scientific revolution. However, the advances on the horizon, which will increase human power over human “nature” itself, raise a much more fundamental question. Various scholars have interpreted the thinkers noted above as being much less innovative in their thought than is implied by the notion of a “modern project.” Machiavelli, far from being a founder and promoter of “new modes and orders,” has been understood as striving for the revival of classical republicanism. Of course, we citizens of liberal democracies are horrified at the thought of such things. In other words, humans would be able to change any substance into any other, or, for that matter, into a new, hitherto unknown substances that will have whatever qualities we want. Thus, as the recent detection of gravitational waves reminds us, science is still able to command vast resources necessary for its work, regardless of the absence of any prospect of near-term benefit to society as a whole. In a podcast interview Vago Muradian on Defense and Aerospace Report, Bryan Clark discusses antisubmarine warfare and autonomous systems.
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